पेंगेंदालियन hayati

Biological control of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.), an Indian scenario with reference to past and future strategies
A. Krishnamoorthy Krishnamoorthy
Indian Institute of Penelitian Hortikultura, Hessearghatta Post Lake, Bangalore - 560 089, India Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessearghatta Lake Post, Bangalore – 560 089, India
ABSTRACT
ngengat Diamondback (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) merupakan hama utama kubis dan kembang kol di India. Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.)(Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is a major pest of cabbage and cauliflower in India. Beberapa musuh alami seperti parasitoid, predator dan patogen serangga telah dilaporkan dari berbagai negara. Several natural enemies such as parasitoids, predators and insect pathogens have been reported from different parts of the country. Hanya beberapa parasitoid sangat telah dimanfaatkan untuk kontrol DBM baik sebagai satu-satunya metode pengendalian biologis atau dimasukkan sebagai salah satu komponen dalam strategi Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu bactrae. Trichogrammatidae Nagaraja dan Cotesia plutellae Kurdj. Only very few parasitoids have been exploited for the control of DBM either as a sole method of biological control or incorporated as one of the components in Integrated Pest Management strategies. Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja and Cotesia plutellae Kurdj. dipelajari secara mendalam dan digunakan terhadap DBM. were studied exhaustively and used against DBM. Tidak ada upaya telah dilakukan baik untuk melestarikan predator atau untuk mengeksploitasi untuk kontrol DBM. No effort has been made either to conserve the predators or to exploit for the control of DBM. Entomo-patogen tentu akan memainkan peranan penting dalam penindasan DBM bila digunakan sebagai semprotan insektisida. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) telah digunakan untuk kontrol DBM. Entomo- pathogens will certainly play a vital role in the suppression of DBM when used as insecticidal sprays. Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) has been used for the control of DBM. agen lainnya belum dieksploitasi. Other agents have not been exploited. Sebuah strategi masa depan dalam pengendalian biologis DBM di India disarankan di sini adalah integrasi rilis inundative dari parasitoid telur, T. A future strategy in biological control of DBM in India suggested here is the integration of inundative releases of the egg parasitoid, T. bactrae, konservasi C. bactrae , conservation of C. plutellae dan penyemprotan farinosus kehidupan Paecilomyces (Holmskiold) Brown dan Smith plutellae and spraying of Paecilomyces farinosus (Holmskiold) Brown and Smith atau or granulosis virus atau lilin ngengat Greater granulosis virus or Greater wax moth nuklir ployhredrosis virus. nuclear ployhredrosis virus.
PENDAHULUAN INTRODUCTION
ngengat Diamondback (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) adalah hama penting tanaman silangan dan khususnya kubis dan kembang kol. Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is an important pest of cruciferous crops and particularly cabbage and cauliflower. DBM adalah terdistribusi dengan baik, kosmopolitan hama, yang tumbuh subur dalam kondisi iklim yang sangat bervariasi yang berlaku di berbagai bagian India. DBM is a well distributed, cosmopolitan pest, which thrives under extremely varied climatic conditions prevailing in different parts of India. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk DBM untuk mereproduksi sepanjang tahun pembuatan 13 -14 generasi mungkin dalam satu tahun di bagian India (Jayarathnam, 1977). It is possible for DBM to reproduce year round making 13 –14 generations possible in a year in parts of India (Jayarathnam, 1977). DBM menyerang tanaman dari tahap pendederan dan seterusnya menyebabkan kerugian 52% dalam menghasilkan efek dalam kubis (Krishna Kumar, et 1986. Al.). DBM attacks the crop from the nursery stage onwards caused 52% loss in marketable yield in cabbage (Krishna Kumar, et. al . 1986).
kontrol biologis, yang melibatkan terutama pengenalan, augmentasi dan konservasi musuh alami, telah membuktikan dirinya untuk menjadi senjata berharga dalam pengendalian hama sejumlah tanaman. Biological control, which involves principally the introduction, augmentation and conservation of natural enemies, has already proven itself to be a valuable weapon in pest control of a number of crops. Beberapa musuh alami DBM dilaporkan tetapi peran mereka dalam kendali DBM tidak jelas diukur.. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk memahami apa yang telah dilakukan selama ini di India sebelum perencanaan masa depan garis kerja untuk kontrol DBM Kehadiran kertas catatan penting parasitoid, predator dan patogen serangga yang memiliki potensi untuk kontrol DBM dan menunjukkan garis masuk akal strategi untuk masa depan. Several natural enemies of DBM were reported but their role in the control of DBM is not clearly quantified. It is therefore, imperative to understand what has been done so far in India before planning a future line of work for the control of DBM. The present paper records important parasitoids, predators and insect pathogens that have potential for the control of DBM and suggests a plausible line of strategy for the future.
Parasitoid: Parasitoids :
Pendahuluan: Introduction :
Sejauh pengenalan parasitoid eksotis yang bersangkutan, merupakan parasitoid telur, Trichogrammatidae bactrae Nagaraja dan parasitoid larva, Diadegma semiclausm Horstmann (keduanya strain Taiwan) yang diimpor untuk uji coba melawan DBM, tapi mereka telah gagal untuk menetapkan berdasarkan kondisi Bangalore (Singh dan Jalai, 1993). As far as introduction of exotic parasitoids is concerned, an egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja and a larval parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausm Horstmann (both are Taiwan strains) were imported for trials against DBM, but they have failed to establish under Bangalore conditions (Singh and Jalai, 1993). Meskipun pemulihan D. Though recoveries of D. semiclausm dibuat mengikuti rilis, mereka telah gagal untuk menggunakan setiap kontrol signifikan DBM di Bangalore (IIHR, 1994). semiclausm were made following releases, it had failed to exert any significant control of DBM in Bangalore (IIHR, 1994).
Augmentasi: Augmentation:
Karena tanaman ini tumbuh baik di dataran dan wilayah berbukit, kompleks musuh alami juga bervariasi dari satu daerah ke daerah lain. Since the crop is grown both in plains and hilly tracts, the natural enemy complex also varied from one region to other. Sampai saat ini beberapa parasitoid telah dicatat tetapi tidak semua ditemukan efektif. To date several parasitoids have been recorded but not all are found effective. Hanya sangat sedikit memiliki potensi untuk mengendalikan hama (Tabel 1.). Only very few have the potential to control the pest (Table 1.). Bahkan di antara ini, yang dominan yang paling tidak mampu menerapkan kendali penuh atas hama individu dengan kondisi alam. Pada awal 1938, Brachymeria excarinata Gahan telah dilaporkan kepada parasitize ke 59,9% dan Oomyzus (= Tetrastichus) sokolowskii Kurdj. Even among these, the most dominant one is unable to exert its full control over the pest individually under natural condition. As early as 1938, Brachymeria excarinata Gahan was reported to parasitize to 59.9% and Oomyzus (= Tetrastichus) sokolowskii Kurdj. 18,2% dari DBM (Cherian dan Basheer, 1938). 18.2% of DBM (Cherian and Basheer, 1938). Dari Srinagar, Jammu dan Kashmir, Voria ruralis (Fall) dan Angitia (= Horogenes) sp dicatat sebagai parasitoid penting (Simmonds dan Rao, 1960). From Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Voria ruralis (Fall) and Angitia (= Horogenes ) sp were recorded as important parasitoids (Simmonds and Rao, 1960). Demikian pula, Diadromus (= Thyraeella) collaris Grav dan orientate Macromalon Kerrich dicatat sebagai parasitoid larva dari Shilong, Meghalaya (Chacko, 1968) sp. Parasitoid Apanteles. Similarly, Diadromus (= Thyraeella) collaris Grav and Macromalon orientale Kerrich were recorded as larval parasitoids from Shilong, Meghalaya (Chacko, 1968). Apanteles sp. (Kelompok glomeratus), Chelonus sp (mungkin C. versatilis (Walker)), Hockeria tetraceitarsis Gram, D. (glomeratus group), Chelonus sp (possibly C. versatilis (Walker)), Hockeria tetraceitarsis Gram, D. dan M. collaris collaris and M. orientate dilaporkan dari Anand, Gujarat. orientale were reported from Anand, Gujarat. Tapi M. But M. orientate saja ditemukan menjadi larva parasitoid dominan di daerah (Patel dan Patel, 1968). orientale was alone found to be the dominant larval parasitoid in that region (Patel and Patel, 1968). Namun, di sisi lain, Cotesia plutellae Kurdj juga ditemukan 16 -70% menyebabkan larva parasitisme dari lebih di Anand (Yadav et al., 1975) dan Bangalore (Jayarathanam, 1977, Nagarkatti dan Jayanth, 1982) diikuti oleh O. However, on the other hand, Cotesia plutellae Kurdj was also found causing more than 16 -70% larval parasitism in Anand (Yadav et al ., 1975) and Bangalore (Jayarathanam, 1977, Nagarkatti and Jayanth, 1982) followed by O. sokolowskii (Nagarkatti dan Jayanth, 1982) menyebabkan 28-96% (Jayarathanam, 1977). Namun, diamati bahwa C. sokolowskii (Nagarkatti and Jayanth, 1982) causing 28-96% (Jayarathanam, 1977). However, it was observed that C. plutellae adalah parasitoid larva yang dominan di beberapa bagian India. plutellae was the dominant larval parasitoid in several parts of India. Itu selalu diamati bahwa ada ada kurangnya sinkronisasi antara kejadian DBM dan terjadinya C. It was always observed that there existed a lack of synchronization between the incidence of DBM and the occurrence of C. plutellae (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1990). Karena tindakan ini tertunda C. plutellae (Krishnamoorthy et al ., 1990) . Because of this delayed action of C. plutellae, penduduk DBM ditemukan lebih banyak pada awal masa tanam. plutellae , the DBM population is found more at the beginning of the cropping period. Potensi penuh dari C. The full potential of C. plutellae terhambat oleh aktivitas parasitoid sekunder seperti B. plutellae is hampered by the activity of secondary parasitoids such as B. excarinata dan O. excarinata and O. sokolowskii, yang pada umumnya dianggap sebagai hyperparasitoids fakultatif. sokolowskii , which are generally considered as facultative hyperparasitoids. Tindakan parasitoid sekunder (Tabel 2.) Tidak diragukan lagi membatasi efisiensi parasitoid utama dalam mengendalikan populasi DBM. The action of secondary parasitoids (Table 2.) no doubt limits the efficiency of the primary parasitoids in controlling DBM populations. Namun, secara umum kehadiran mereka diabaikan dalam kondisi lapangan dan tidak memiliki kepentingan ekonomi yang signifikan fenestrale Diadegma., Collaris D., dan C. However, in general their presence is negligible under field conditions and has no significant economic importance. Diadegma fenestrale, D. collaris, and C. plutellae dominan di Solan, Himachal Pradesh (et.al Usha. 1997). plutellae were dominant in Solan, Himachal Pradesh (Usha et.al . 1997).
Diadegma semiclausm (strain Lokal) Diadegma semiclausm (Local strain) diamati berhasil parasitizing DBM (68%) di dataran tinggi seperti The Hills Nilgiri di Tamil Nadu (13,4 º C - 17,8 º C rezim suhu) (Chandramohan, 1994). Di mana suhu mencapai lebih dari 30  C populasi DBM meningkat dan parasitoid penurunan populasi. Cotesia plutellae juga tercatat di dataran tinggi dan mampu parasitisme 85,7% (Chandramohan, 1994). is observed successfully parasitizing DBM (68%) in highlands such as The Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu (13.4ºC – 17.8 º C temperature regime) (Chandramohan, 1994). Where the temperature reached more than 30  C the DBM population increased and parasitoid population decreased. Cotesia plutellae was also recorded in the highlands and was capable of 85.7% parasitism (Chandramohan, 1994). Ini mungkin alasan mengapa strain yang diimpor Taiwan D. This may be the reason why the imported Taiwan strain of D. semiclausm tidak membangun di tanah rendah India (dataran) di mana suhu yang paling tahun ini di atas 25 º C dan di atas 35 º C selama bulan-bulan musim panas. semiclausm did not establish in Indian low lands (plains) where the temperature most of the year was above 25º C and above 35º C during summer months.
kontrol biologis Inundative bertujuan meningkatkan kematian secara langsung pada populasi hama musuh alami dimana dirilis digunakan sebagai insektisida biologi kontrol. Spesies Trichogramma telah digunakan lebih dari alam lain pun musuh biologis inundative untuk. Inundative biological control aims at directly increasing mortality in the pest population whereby the released natural enemy is used as a biological insecticide. Species of Trichogramma have been used more than any other natural enemy for inundative biological control. Meskipun beberapa spesies Trichogramma dilaporkan di tempat lain di bagian lain dunia menyerang telur DBM, parasitoid beberapa telur dikumpulkan di India dari lapangan bactrae Trichogrammatidae. (Strain lokal: awalnya diperoleh dari telur Bactra venosana Zeller menyerang nutgrass, Siprus rotundus L.) ditemukan menjadi potensi parasitoid telur dari DBM (Krishnamoorthy dan Mani, 1999a, Mani et. al., 2000,). Though several species of Trichogramma were reported elsewhere in other parts of the world attacking the eggs of DBM, few egg parasitoids were collected in India from the field. Trichogrammatoidea bactrae (local strain: originally obtained from the eggs of Bactra venosana Zeller attacking nutgrass, Cyprus rotundus L.) was found to be a potential egg parasitoid of DBM (Krishnamoorthy and Mani, 1999a, Mani et. al ., 2000,). Galur lokal T. The local strain of T. bactrae adalah massa dipelihara pada Corcyra cephalonica Staint. bactrae was mass reared on Corcyra cephalonica Staint. dan inundatively dirilis (2 orang dewasa 50.000 ha -1, dirilis @ 40.000 -50.000 orang dewasa per minggu ha -1, untuk jangka waktu 6-7 minggu) mengurangi populasi DBM dengan 30% (Krishnamoorthy dan Mani, 1999b, Krishnamoorthy, et al 2002.,). and inundatively released (2 50,000 adults ha -1 , released @ 40,000 –50,000 adults per week ha -1 , for a period of 6-7 weeks) reduced the DBM population by 30% (Krishnamoorthy and Mani, 1999b, Krishnamoorthy, et al ., 2002). Populasi larva tetap kurang dari 2 per tanaman. The larval population remained less than 2 per plant. Kerugian besar dengan parasitoid telur ini adalah bahwa ia tidak bisa mentolerir suhu rendah antara  ° C dan  ° C dan karenanya tidak bisa disimpan (Krishnamoorthy dan Mani, 1999a). Pada suhu ini kemunculan dan kelangsungan hidup yang sangat dipengaruhi bahkan ketika disimpan untuk 3 dan 5 hari pada  ° C dan  ° C masing-masing. Tidak seperti spesies lain dari trichogrammatids, kelangsungan hidup orang dewasa di bawah temperatur ruang juga rendah. The major disadvantage with this egg parasitoid was that it could not tolerate low temperatures between 7  C and 10  C and therefore could not be stored (Krishnamoorthy and Mani, 1999a). At these temperatures emergence and survival were greatly affected even when stored for 3 and 5 days on 7  C and 10  C respectively. Unlike other species of trichogrammatids, the adult survival under ambient temperatures is also low. Releases bahan segar direkomendasikan. Releases of fresh material are recommended. Akhir-akhir ini, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii diamati untuk parasitize DBM; 42% pada kubis, kembang kol 4% dan 77,1% menjadi 94,9% pada sawi (Yadav et. Al., 2001). Lately, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii was observed to parasitize DBM; 42% on cabbage, 4% on cauliflower and 77.1% to 94.9% on Indian mustard (Yadav et. al., 2001). Mungkin, rilis ini inundative T strain. Chilonis akan membantu untuk melengkapi efektivitas C. Perhaps, inundative release of this strain of T . chilonis will help to complement the effectiveness of C. plutellae. plutellae.
Upaya untuk meningkatkan jumlah parasitoid terhadap DBM sering dihadapkan dengan aplikasi insektisida terutama untuk pengendalian hama lain pada kubis dan kembang kol. Attempts to augment the number of parasitoids against DBM were frequently confronted with the application of insecticides mainly for the control of other pests on cabbage and cauliflower. Ini tanaman yang dibutuhkan aplikasi yang sering untuk menghasilkan efek kepala / dadih. These crops required frequent applications to produce marketable heads / curds. Upaya itu, karena itu, dilakukan untuk menilai dampak dari beberapa insektisida pada musuh alami DBM aman sehingga insektisida dapat direkomendasikan untuk pengendalian hama lain atau DBM sendiri kapan rilis inundative parasitoid telur atau konservasi parasitoid potensi yang ada seperti C. Attempts were, therefore, made to assess the effects of some of the insecticides on natural enemies of DBM so that safer insecticides could be recommended for the control of other pests or DBM itself whenever inundative releases of egg parasitoids or conservation of existing potential parasitoids such as C. plutellae sedang dipertimbangkan. plutellae was envisaged. Insektisida Pyrethroids, seperti, decamethrin (0. 0.014%), permetnrin (0,01%), fenvalerate (0,01%), Sipermetrin (0,005%) dan phosalone (0,05%) tidak mempunyai efek yang merugikan pada orang dewasa dan kepompong C. Pyrethroids, such as, decamethrin (0. 0014%), permetnrin (0.01%), fenvalerate (0.01%), cypermethrin (0.005%) and phosalone (0.05%) had no harmful effect on the adults and cocoons of C. plutellae sementara dichlorvos (0,05%), Monokrotofos (0 0,05%) dan endosulfan (0,05%) yang sangat beracun untuk orang dewasa namun aman untuk kepompong. plutellae while dichlorvos (0.05%), monocrotophos (0 .05%) and endosulfan (0.05%) were highly toxic to the adults but safe to cocoons. Quinalphos (0,05%) adalah sangat beracun untuk semua tahapan C. Quinalphos (0.05%) was highly toxic to all the stages of C. plutellae (Mani dan Krishnamoorthy, 1984). plutellae (Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 1984). Kemudian, ditemukan bahwa beberapa fungisida seperti mancozeb + metalaxyl, chlorothalonil dan cxychloride tembaga dan enam yaitu insektisida fluvalinate, karbaril, Asefat, demeton metil, ekstrak biji nimba kernel dan Neemark ditemukan tidak berbahaya untuk orang dewasa C. Later, it was found that some fungicides such as metalaxyl + mancozeb, chlorothalonil and copper cxychloride and six insecticides viz fluvalinate, carbaryl, acephate, methyl demeton, neem seed kernel extract and Neemark were found to be harmless to the adults of C. plutellae,. Dichlorvos endosulfan dan Terkendali Dimetoat yang paling gigih sementara klorpirifos saja ditemukan sangat gigih (Mani, 1995), lebih lanjut, jamur entomopatogen, farinosus kehidupan Paecilomyces (Holmskiold) Brown dan Smith adalah aman untuk plutellae Cotesia (Gopalakrishnan, 1998). plutellae. Dichlorvos , endosulfan and dimethoate were least persistent while chlorpyriphos alone was found to be highly persistent (Mani, 1995), Further, the entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces farinosus (Holmskiold) Brown and Smith is safe to Cotesia plutellae (Gopalakrishnan, 1998).
Predator: Predators:
Tak ada informasi yang dicatat pada dampak predator di lapangan. No information was recorded on the impact of predators in the field. Mereka mencatat itu wagtails Kuning, dan semut Motacilla flava melanocephalum Tapinoma, spp Pheidole dan sericeus Componotus, yang membawa pergi larva DBM untuk makan (Jayarathanam, 1977). Those noted were Yellow wagtails, Motacilla flava and ants Tapinoma melanocephalum, Pheidole spp and Componotus sericeus , which were carrying away DBM larvae for feeding (Jayarathanam, 1977). Tidak ada data tersedia pada peran laba-laba dalam kontrol DBM di lapangan. No data was available on the role of spiders in the control of DBM in the field.
Microbials: Microbials:
Mengingat meningkatnya kekhawatiran atas pencemaran lingkungan, pengendalian hama kimia yang tidak memuaskan, bahaya pestisida terhadap manusia dan binatang, pengendalian biologis dengan referensi untuk mengendalikan mikroba menggunakan jamur, bakteri, virus, dan lain-lain telah diakui sebagai salah satu pendekatan penting dalam yang telah lewat. In view of the increasing concern over environmental pollution, unsatisfactory chemical control of pests, pesticide hazards to man and animals, biological control with reference to microbial control using fungi, bacteria, virus, etc. has been recognized as one of the important approaches in the recent past. persiapan Komersial Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner seperti Thuricide HPSC dan Dipel WP lebih menjanjikan pada 1 dan 1,5 g menyala -1 produk air dari Bactospeine atau Thuricide 90TS (Varma dan Gill, 1977). Commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) Berliner such as Thuricide HPSC and Dipel WP were more promising at 1 and 1.5 g product lit -1 of water than Bactospeine or Thuricide 90TS (Varma and Gill, 1977). Biotrol dan Dipel di 0.5kg ha ai -1 Namun yang ditemukan efektif dalam mengendalikan hama pada kubis (Jayaraj, 1978; Krishnaiah et al., 1981). Biotrol and Dipel at 0.5kg ai ha -1 were however found effective in controlling the pest on cabbage (Jayaraj, 1978; Krishnaiah et al ., 1981). Dipel 8L (B. thuringiensis subsp). Kurstaki di 1ml menyalakan -1 dan Cen Tari (B. thuringiensis subsp). Aizawai di 1g menyalakan -1 juga ditemukan efektif. Delfin juga memberikan kontrol yang sangat baik dari hama (Asokan et. Al. , 1996; Sannaveerappanavar dan Viraktamath, 1997; Malathi et. al., 1999). Dipel 8L ( B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ) at 1ml lit -1 and Cen Tari ( B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai ) at 1g lit -1 also found effective. Delfin also gave very good control of the pest (Asokan et. al ., 1996; Sannaveerappanavar and Viraktamath, 1997; Malathi et. al ., 1999). Tapi ada indikasi bahwa penduduk DBM di Punjab dan wilayah Delhi telah mengembangkan toleransi lebih untuk Bt dari populasi DBM dari Karnataka (untuk 3a serotipe Dipel, 3b dan komponennya Cry 1Ab). But there were indications that the population of DBM in the Punjab and Delhi regions has developed more tolerance to Bt than the DBM population of Karnataka (to Dipel serotype 3a, 3b and of its components Cry 1Ab). Oleh karena itu kita harus sangat berhati-hati di lebih dari penggunaan Bt untuk mengontrol DBM. Therefore one has to very cautious in over use of Bt for the control of DBM.
jamur patogen dapat digunakan baik sebagai secara tunggal atau sebagai salah satu komponen dalam PHT karena ini dapat digunakan sebagai semprotan farinosus kehidupan Paecilomyces. ditemukan menginfeksi larva DBM di dalam dan sekitar Bangalore, (rekaman pertama di dunia) dan Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthora sphaerosperma) dilaporkan untuk pertama kalinya di India dari DBM (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1999a) farinosus. kehidupan Paecilomyces (9,1-16,7% infeksi alam) dan radicans Z. (33,3-68,6% infeksi alam) juga dapat dipertimbangkan untuk mengontrol dari DBM (Gopalakrishnan, et.. al, 1999a; Krishnamoorthy et. al., 2000). Fungal pathogens can be used either as a singly or as one of the components in IPM since these can be used as sprays. Paecilomyces farinosus was found infecting DBM larvae in and around Bangalore, (the first record in the world) and Zoophthora radicans ( Entomophthora sphaerosperma ) was reported for the first time in India from DBM (Gopalakrishnan et al ., 1999a). Paecilomyces farinosus (9.1 to 16.7% natural infection) and Z. radicans ( 33.3 to 68.6% natural infection) could well be considered for the control of DBM (Gopalakrishnan, et. al., 1999a; Krishnamoorthy et. al., 2000). Jamur entomopatogen seperti Beauveria bassiana, B. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana , B. brogniarti, fumosoroseus kehidupan Paecilomyces, lecanii Verticillium dan anisopliae Metarrhizium juga ditemukan sangat patogen bahkan untuk larva instar ketiga dari P. brogniarti , Paecilomyces fumosoroseus , Verticillium lecanii and Metarrhizium anisopliae were also found to be highly pathogenic even to third instar larvae of P. xylostella (Gopalakrishnan, 1989; Kennedy et.al., 2001) dan virulensi B. bassiana, P. dan M. fumosoroseus xylostella (Gopalakrishnan, 1989; Kennedy et.al ., 2001) and the virulence of B. bassiana, P. fumosoroseus and M. anisopliae meningkat secara signifikan setelah bagian vivo di dalam larva P. anisopliae increased significantly after the in vivo passage in the larvae of P. xylostella (Sairbanu dan Rabindra, 2001). xylostella (Sairbanu and Rabindra, 2001).
Jamur P. The fungus P. farinosus sendirian dipelajari secara rinci. farinosus was alone studied in detail. Jamur dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kontrol DBM dalam kondisi lapangan untuk alasan-alasan yang The fungus could be exploited for the control of DBM under field conditions for reasons that tidak seperti jamur lain, P. unlike other fungi, P. farinosus menyebabkan kematian terhadap larva DBM hanya dalam 48-72h setelah infeksi dan patogen untuk instar larva dan pupa yang berbeda dari DBM (Gopalakrishnan et al,. 1999b Gopalakrishnan et al. 2000). farinosus causes death to larvae of DBM in just 48 –72h after infection and is pathogenic to different larval instars and pupae of DBM (Gopalakrishnan et al . 1999b, Gopalakrishnan et al . 2000). Jamur tersebut dikalikan pada Maltose Ragi Agar menengah + Sabauraud dalam kondisi laboratorium, dan juga dapat diproduksi secara massal di sorgum dan menengah padi (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1999d) dan dapat disimpan pada suhu  ° C selama 180 hari dengan virulensi yang utuh. spora jamur dirumuskan dalam matriks alginat kalsium bisa bertahan bahkan setelah 6 bulan pada suhu  ° C (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1999d The fugicides seperti carbendazim, tembaga oxychloride, mancozeb, dan metalaxyl mancozeb sulfur dicatat cukup tinggi per hambat persen pertumbuhan jamur radial , P. farinosus. Di antara insektisida phosalone dan Nimbicidin (a nimba formulasi based) menghambat pertumbuhan oxydemeton sedangkan metil dan Sipermetrin berpengaruh kurang (Gopalakrishnan, 1998). The fungus was multiplied on Sabauraud Maltose Agar + Yeast medium under laboratory conditions, and can also be mass produced in sorghum and paddy medium (Gopalakrishnan et al ., 1999d) and can be stored at 5  C for 180 days with the virulence intact. Fungal spores encapsulated in calcium alginate matrix could survive even after 6 months at 5  C (Gopalakrishnan et al ., 1999d The fugicides such as carbendazim, copper oxychloride, mancozeb, sulphur and metalaxyl mancozeb recorded significantly high per cent inhibition of radial growth of fungus, P. farinosus . Among insecticides phosalone and Nimbicidin (a neem based formulation) inhibited the growth whereas methyl oxydemeton and cypermethrin had less effect (Gopalakrishnan, 1998).
P. farinosus agen biokontrol potensial terhadap P. P. farinosus is a potential biocontrol agent against P. xylostella pada kubis, karena iklim mikro menyenangkan tersedia dalam tanaman, yang sangat ideal bagi jamur untuk bertindak atas serangga. xylostella in cabbage, because of the congenial microclimate available in the crop, which is very ideal for the fungus to act on the insect. Angka kematian pupa karena jamur adalah keuntungan tambahan. Lima putaran jamur ini @ 7 x 10 8 spora / ml + Triton x - 100 (0,01%) pada interval mingguan diturunkan secara signifikan populasi larva untuk rata-rata 1.1 / sepuluh tumbuhan terhadap tanaman 5.2/ten di plot kontrol unsprayed. The pupal mortality due to the fungus is an added advantage. Five rounds of this fungus @ 7 x 10 8 spores / ml + Triton x – 100 (0.01%) at weekly intervals significantly brought down the larval population to a mean of 1.1 / ten plants as against 5.2/ten plants in unsprayed control plots. (Goplakrishnan, 1998). (Goplakrishnan, 1998). Hal ini juga dikendalikan hama lainnya seperti C. It also controlled other pests such as C. binotalis, ni Trichoplusia, Helicoverpa armigera dan Spodoptera litura (Goplakrishnan et. al., 1999c). binotalis, Trichoplusia ni, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura (Goplakrishnan et. al ., 1999c).
Virus granulosis terisolasi dari P. A granulosis virus isolated from P. xylostella (PxGV) (et.al Rabindra 0,1996) ditemukan mampu membatasi pengembangan resistansi oleh interaksi dan sinergi dengan insektisida. xylostella (PxGV) (Rabindra et.al .1996) was found capable of curtailing the development of resistance by interacting and synergizing with the insecticides. Laboratorium percobaan dengan dosis 25 LC dari abamektin EC 1,9%, 14,5% indoxycarb SC, cartaphydrochloride 25% WP dan fipronil 5% SC pada P. Laboratory experiments with a LC 25 dose of abamectin 1.9% EC, indoxycarb 14.5%SC, cartaphydrochloride 25% WP and fipronil 5% SC on P. xylostella terkena PxGV menghasilkan sinergi tambahan. xylostella exposed to PxGV resulted in supplemental synergism. Di sisi lain, seperti insektisida diflubenzuran 25%, azadiractin EC 0,1% dan 25% EC quinalphos menunjukkan efek antagonis dengan PxGV (Rajagopal Babu, et.. Al 1999). On the other hand, insecticides such as diflubenzuran 25%, azadiractin 0.1% EC and quinalphos 25% EC exhibited antagonistic effects with PxGV (Rajagopal Babu, et. al . 1999). Menarik untuk mengamati bahwa nuklir polihedral occluded beberapa virus yang terisolasi dari ngengat lilin besar, Galleria mellonella (GmNPV) telah ditemukan untuk memulai infeksi heterogonous P. Xylostella disamping C. It was interesting to observe that a multiple occluded nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from a greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (GmNPV) was found to initiate heterogonous infection of P . xylostella besides C. binotaliss. binotaliss . dan undalis Hellula Fab. and Hellula undalis Fab. The rd 3. Instar dari P. The 3 rd . instar of P. xylostella ternyata sangat rentan terhadap GmNPV dengan mortalitas 78,85%. xylostella was found to be highly susceptible to GmNPV with mortality of 78.85%. (Parthasarathy dan Rabindra, 1999). Sebuah virus ployhedrosis nuklir yang diperoleh dari P. (Parthasarathy and Rabindra, 1999). A nuclear ployhedrosis virus obtained from P. xylostella (PxNPV) juga dievaluasi dalam kondisi lapangan dan bila diterapkan pada 1.7x10 8 POB / ml dicampur dengan tinta Indan sebagai pelindung sinar matahari memberikan pengurangan terbesar dalam populasi serangga (Padmavathamma dan Veeresh, 1995). xylostella (PxNPV) was also evaluated under field conditions and when applied at 1.7x10 8 POB/ml mixed with Indan ink as a sun light protectant gave the greatest reduction in insect population (Padmavathamma and Veeresh, 1995).
Masa Depan strategi: Future strategies:
Tujuan utama harus memaksimalkan kontribusi musuh alami, dan untuk meminimalkan penggunaan pestisida sehingga mencapai IPM strategi efektif biaya dan berkelanjutan. Kerusakan terbesar terjadi ketika kutu berlangsung dalam tanaman muda pada tanaman tua, larva berkembang terutama pada daun luar. The ultimate aim must be to maximize the contribution of natural enemies, and to minimize the use of pesticides thereby achieving a sustainable and cost effective IPM strategy. The greatest damage occurs when the infestation takes place in young plants in older plants, the larvae develop mainly on the outer leaves. kerusakan tersebut adalah signifikansi ekonomi kecil. Sebuah populasi 4 atau lebih media larva berukuran DBM (3 rd instar atau 4 th) / tanaman di pembibitan bisa membuat bibit untransplantable dan 10 larva / tanaman sampai dengan satu bulan setelah tanam dan 20 larva / tanaman 1-2 bulan setelah tanam menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi dan diperlukan aplikasi insektisida (Prasad, 1963; Jayarathnam, 1977). Such damage is of little economic significance. A population of 4 or more medium sized DBM larvae (3 rd or 4 th instar)/plant in a nursery could render seedlings untransplantable and 10 larvae / plant up to one month after planting and 20 larvae / plant 1 to 2 months after planting caused economic loss and required insecticidal application (Prasad, 1963; Jayarathnam, 1977). Oleh karena itu perhatian yang lebih besar dibutuhkan untuk menyimpan tanaman dari kerusakan DBM selama periode ini. Therefore greater attention is required to save the crop from DBM damage during this period. Tapi berdasarkan analisis koefisien jalur diperkirakan bahwa infestasi DBM 55 hari setelah tanam memiliki efek negatif langsung maksimal dalam mengurangi menghasilkan (Krishna Kumar et al). 1986. Ini selanjutnya dikonfirmasikan sebagai 40 serangga, serangan 50 dan 60 hari setelah tanam telah korelasi negatif yang signifikan (Srinivasan, 1984),. Oleh karena itu untuk pengendalian biologis, upaya harus terkonsentrasi untuk melindungi tahap awal kubis. But based on path coefficient analysis it was estimated that DBM infestation 55 days after planting has the maximum negative direct effect in reducing yield (Krishna Kumar et al . 1986). This was further confirmed as insect attack 40, 50 and 60 days after planting had a significant negative correlation (Srinivasan, 1984). Therefore, for biological control, efforts should be concentrated to protect the early stages of the cabbage.
parasitoid telur tidak sepenuhnya dieksploitasi untuk kontrol DBM di India. Egg parasitoids were not fully exploited for the control of DBM in India. Di antara telur parasitoid Trichogrammatidae hanya bactrae inundatively dirilis untuk kontrol DBM. Among the egg parasitoids only Trichogrammatoidea bactrae was inundatively released for the control of DBM. Parasitoid telur lainnya seperti brasiliensis Trichogramma (Ashm.), T. Other egg parasitoids such as Trichogramma brasiliensis (Ashm.), T. minutum (Riley), T. minutum (Riley), T. pretiosum (Riley) dan Trichogrammatidae armigera Nagaraja tidak dievaluasi dalam kondisi lapangan. pretiosum (Riley) and Trichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja were not evaluated under field conditions. Rilis mingguan dari 50.000 orang dewasa ha-1 ditemukan untuk mengontrol DBM (Krishnamoorthy dan Mani, 1999b, Krishnamoorthy et. Al.., 2002) inundative dan melepaskan parasitoid telur harus dilakukan dari waktu tanam dan seterusnya larva parasitoid memiliki kontrol terbesar potensi dalam mengatur populasi DBM. A weekly release of 50,000 adults ha- 1 was found to control DBM (Krishnamoorthy and Mani, 1999b, Krishnamoorthy et. al., 2002) and inundative releases of egg parasitoids should be made from transplanting time onwards. Larval parasitoids have the greatest control potential in regulating the population of DBM. Di antara ini, C. Among these, C. plutellae dan D. plutellae and D. semiclasum (strain lokal) yang penting. parasitoid ini mengatur tahap larva dari hama, sebagai tahap telur akan diambil peduli hama oleh parasitoid telur C.. Konservasi lokal semiclasum (local strain) are important . These parasitoids regulate the larval stage of the pest, as the egg stage of the pest will be taken care of by the egg parasitoids. Conservation of the local C. plutellae di sisi lain akan membantu dalam memeriksa populasi DBM. plutellae on the other hand will help in checking DBM population. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan insektisida aman akan mengampuni aktivitas C. Therefore, use of safer insecticides will spare the activity of C. plutellae di bidang kubis. plutellae in the cabbage field. Tujuan utama harus memaksimalkan kontribusi musuh alami sehingga mencapai biaya yang efektif hama terpadu manajemen strategi dan berkelanjutan. The ultimate aim must be to maximize the contribution of natural enemies thereby achieving a sustainable and cost effective integrated pest management strategy.
Selanjutnya, Bt dapat digunakan baik untuk mengontrol DBM dan Lepidoptera lainnya di kompleks hama di Kubis. Further, Bt can be used either to control DBM and other Lepidoptera in the pest complex in Cabbage. Penggunaan Bt di kubis ditemukan aman untuk plutellae Cotesia (et Malathi.. Al, 1999). Use of Bt in cabbage was found to be safe to Cotesia plutellae (Malathi et. al ., 1999). Setiap kali penduduk DBM lebih dari ambang ekonomi, satu semprotan insektisida baik dengan lebih aman atau dengan Bt mungkin dianjurkan untuk segera menurunkan populasi. Whenever the DBM population was more than the economic threshold, one spray either with safer insecticide or with Bt may be recommended to immediately bring down the population. Di antara jamur, P. Among the fungi, P. farnosus tampak menjanjikan. farnosus appeared to be promising. Oleh karena itu, penyebaran buatan jamur pada serangga kepadatan rendah dapat dibuat dengan penyemprotan suspensi konidia jamur menyebabkan epizootics terjadi pada tahap awal perkembangan populasi DBM. Therefore, artificial dissemination of fungus at lower insect densities can be made by spraying conidial suspensions of the fungus causing epizootics to occur at an early stage of the DBM population development. keterangan lebih lanjut diperlukan dengan jamur entomopatogen seperti B. More details are needed with entomopathogenic fungi such as B. bassiana, B. bassiana , B. brongniarti, P. brongniarti , P. fumosoroseus, V. fumosoroseus , V. lecanii dan M. lecanii and M. anisopliae teknologi produksi massal. tersedia untuk V. anisopliae. Mass production technology is available for V. lecanii dan M. lecanii and M. anisopliae. Bahkan, sebuah uji coba lapangan dengan M. anisopliae. Even, a field trial with M. anisopliae untuk kontrol DBM di kubis terbukti sangat efektif. anisopliae for the control of DBM in cabbage proved to be very effective. PxNPV, PxGV dan GmNPV menjanjikan agen biokontrol. PxNPV, PxGV and GmNPV are promising biocontrol agents. diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan patogen ini sehingga mereka dapat digunakan untuk kontrol DBM sebagai alat biokontrol tunggal seperti semprotan insektisida dalam rangka untuk menurunkan populasi dengan segera. More studies are required with these pathogens so that they can be used for the control of DBM as sole biocontrol tool like insecticide sprays in order to bring down the population immediately.
Studi pada perangkap feromon DBM menunjukkan bahwa 8 dan 12 laki-laki per perangkap per malam di masing-masing kubis dan kembang kol dijamin aplikasi insektisida (Prasad Reddy dan Guerrero, 2000, 2001). The study on the DBM pheromone traps indicated that 8 and 12 males per trap per night in cabbage and cauliflower respectively warranted an application of insecticide (Prasad Reddy and Guerrero, 2000, 2001). Jamur atau virus serangga dapat mengganti ini dalam rangka untuk menurunkan populasi dengan segera. Hal ini sangat penting sebagai P. Fungi or insect viruses may replace this in order to bring down the population immediately. This is essential as P. xylostella telah mengembangkan resistensi terhadap beberapa insektisida (Saxena et.. al, 1989; Chawla dan Joia, 1992; Raju, 1996; Sannaveerappanavar dan Viraktamath, 1997). xylostella has developed resistance to several insecticides (Saxena et. al ., 1989; Chawla and Joia, 1992; Raju, 1996; Sannaveerappanavar and Viraktamath, 1997). Sedangkan tidak ada bukti untuk menunjukkan bahwa serangga telah mengembangkan resistansi terhadap serangga patogen seperti jamur dan virus. Whereas there is no evidence to show that the insect has developed resistance to insect pathogens such as fungi and viruses.
Secara keseluruhan, integrasi bijaksana parasitoid telur, larva parasitoid, patogen serangga dan insektisida aman akan membantu secara efektif menekan populasi DBM melalui biokontrol berarti pada kubis. In all, judicious integration of egg parasitoids, larval parasitoids, insect pathogens and safer insecticides will help to effectively suppress the DBM population through biocontrol means on cabbage. Perdana pertimbangan harus diberikan kepada musuh-musuh alami sebagaimana mereka telah di banyak kasus, pilar dalam membangun program suara dalam pengendalian terpadu. Prime consideration must be given to the natural enemies as they have been in most instances, the cornerstones in constructing sound programmes in integrated control. Perlu didasarkan dan insektisida yang lebih aman seperti decamethrin, permetrin, fenvalerate, Sipermetrin, phosalone dan NSKE harus digunakan untuk kontrol baik DBM atau hama lainnya dan pada saat yang sama melestarikan aktivitas potensi parasitoid. Need based and safer insecticides such as decamethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, phosalone and NSKE should be used for the control of either DBM or other pests and at the same time conserve the activity of potential parasitoids.
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Tabel 1 parasitoid. Mayor dan Pemangsa dari Plutella xylostella melaporkan dari India Table 1. Major Parasitoids and Predators of Plutella xylostella reported from India
Sl.No Sl.No Musuh alami Natural enemies Referensi Reference
Parasitoid Parasitoid
1 1 Brachymeria excarinata Gahan Brachymeria excarinata Gahan Cherian dan Basheer, 1938,. Jayarathanam 1977 Nagarkatti dan Jayanth, 1982 Cherian and Basheer, 1938. Jayarathanam, 1977 Nagarkatti and Jayanth, 1982
2 2 Oomyzus (= Tetrastichus) sokolowskii Kurdj Oomyzus (= Tetrastichus ) sokolowskii Kurdj
3 3 Voria ruralis (Fall) Voria ruralis (Fall)
Simmonds dan Rao, 1960 Simmonds and Rao, 1960
4 4 (= Horogenes Angitia) sp Angitia (=Horogenes) sp
5 5 Diadromus (= Thyraeella) Grav collaris Diadromus (= Thyraeella ) collaris Grav
Chacko, 1968 Chacko, 1968
6 6 Macromalon orientate Kerrich Macromalon orientale Kerrich
7 7 Parasitoid Apanteles sp. Apanteles sp. (Kelompok glomeratus) ( glomeratus group) Patel dan Patel, 1968 Patel and Patel, 1968
Yadav, et al. 1975 Yadav, et al. 1975
8 8 Chelonus sp (mungkin C. versatilis (Walker)) Chelonus sp (possibly C. versatilis (Walker))
9 9 Hockeria tetraceitarsis Gram Hockeria tetraceitarsis Gram
10 10 Cotesia plutellae Kurdj Cotesia plutellae Kurdj Yadav, et al. Yadav, et al. 1975 1975
Jayarathanam, 1977 Jayarathanam, 1977
Nagarkatti dan Jayanth, 1982 Nagarkatti and Jayanth, 1982
11 11 Dadigma semiclausum Hallen Dadigma semiclausum Hallen Chandramohan, Chandramohan,
12 12 D. fenestrale Holmgren D. fenestrale Holmgren Usha et al., 1997 Usha et al. , 1997
13 13 Trichogrammatidae bactrae Nagaraja Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja Krishnamoorthy dan Mani Krishnamoorthy and Mani
14 14 Trichogramma chilonis Ishii Trichogramma chilonis Ishii Yadav, et al., 2001 Yadav, et al. , 2001


Tabel-2: Daftar parasitoid sekunder yang direkam dari DBM parasitoid primer Table-2 : List of Secondary parasitoids recorded from DBM primary parasitoids
S. S.
Tidak. No. Hiperparasitoid Hyperparasitoid
1 1 Anastatus sp. Anastatus sp. Eupelmidae Eupelmidae
2 2 Aohanogmus fijiensis Ferriere Aohanogmus fijiensis Ferriere Ceraphronidae Ceraphronidae
3 3 Brachymeria excarinata Gahab Brachymeria excarinata Gahab Chalcididae Chalcididae
4 4 Diaglyptidea sp. Diaglyptidea sp. Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae
5 5 AlbotibialisAshm sp. Eurytoma sp. Eurytomidae Eurytomidae
6 6 Masi Hockeria atra Hockeria atra Masi Chalcididae Chalcididae
7 7 Pediobius imbreus (Walker) Pediobius imbreus (Walker) Eulophidae Eulophidae
8 8 Pteromalus sp. Pteromalus sp. Pteromalidae Pteromalidae
9 9 Oomyzus (= Tetrastichus) sokolowskii Kurdj Oomyzus (=Tetrastichus) sokolowskii Kurdj Eulophidae Eulophidae
10 10 Tetrastichus sp. (Miser grup) Tetrastichus sp. (Miser group) Eulophidae Eulophidae